ABSTRACT Among the efficient strategies to manage plant parasitic nematodes, the use of resistant cultivars stands out for being frequently the easiest and least expensive approach that can be adopted by farmers. However, for the common bean, in Brazil, few sources of resistance have been identified so far. This study aimed to assess the reaction of 81 common bean genotypes to the most abundant and harmful plant parasitic nematode species in Brazilian crop fields. Genotypes resistant to all tested nematodes were observed: 7 to Heterodera glycines, 2 to Pratylenchus brachyurus, 15 to Meloidogyne incognita and 8 to M. javanica.

RESUMO Entre as estratégias eficientes de manejo de fitonematoides, o uso de cultivares resistentes se destaca por ser frequentemente a abordagem mais fácil e menos onerosa que pode ser adotada pelos agricultores. Entretanto, no caso do feijoeiro comum, no Brasil, poucas fontes de resistência foram identificadas até o momento. Objetivou-se avaliar a reação de 81 genótipos de feijão comum às espécies de fitonematoides mais abundantes e nocivas nas lavouras brasileiras. Foram observados genótipos resistentes a todos os nematoides testados: 7 a Heterodera glycines, 2 a Pratylenchus brachyurus, 15 a Meloidogyne incognita e 8 a M. javanica.

ABSTRACT. Seed coat characteristics may be related to seed quality and longevity, attracting the interest of breeding programs. This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between the water absorption parameters and storage tolerance of soybean seeds with contrasting seed coat characteristics. For this purpose, seeds of five soybean cultivars with different seed coat colors and lignin contents were used. Before storage, the seed coat lignin content, moisture content, water absorption rate in 11 hydration periods (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 24, 32, and 48 hours), hydration speed index, germination, viability, and seed vigor were determined. After six months of storage in a dry and cold chamber (at 11ºC and 54% relative humidity [RH]) and uncontrolled environment (at 25ºC and 71% RH), the seeds were evaluated for germination, viability, and vigor to quantify changes in their physiological quality during storage and relate them to the seeds water absorption parameters for the different cultivars. The seed coat lignin content is negatively correlated with the seeds water absorption parameters. Soybean cultivars have different storage tolerance levels. Seeds that absorb larger amounts of water have lower tolerance to deterioration related to temperature and relative humidity fluctuations that occur in storage under uncontrolled conditions, negatively affecting the physiological potential of seeds.

ABSTRACT Differences in seed storage tolerance between soybean cultivars have been frequently observed. Thus, identifying compounds found in them that may be related to these differences is necessary to support the selection of cultivars with seeds with better storage potential. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate changes in viability and vigor of soybean seeds during storage in two environments, relating them to antioxidant activity, production of reactive oxygen species, and metabolites of the phenylpropanoid pathway. The experimental design was completely randomized in a 4 × 5 factorial scheme (storage periods × cultivars). Cultivars with contrasting characteristics of lignin content, seed coat color, and isoflavone content in the seed were used, stored for six months in a cold and dry chamber and an uncontrolled environment. Every two months, viability and vigor, enzymatic activity (superoxide dismutase and catalase), and hydrogen peroxide content were evaluated. Storage in a cold and dry chamber maintains seed viability of cultivars A, C, and D; it is reduced in all cultivars in an uncontrolled environment. Seed vigor is reduced during storage. There is no association between the seeds’ physiological quality and the superoxide dismutase and catalase activities. The increase in the hydrogen peroxide content in the seed coat is an indicator of the reduction in the seed physiological quality when stored in an uncontrolled environment. The difference in deterioration tolerance during storage is associated with the lignin content in the seed coat.

Resumo: O teste de envelhecimento acelerado é muito utilizado para avaliar o vigor de sementes de soja. Atualmente, a literatura recomenda a instalação do teste de germinação em, no máximo, uma hora após o processo do envelhecimento das sementes, o que dificulta a instalação e avaliação de grande número de amostras. Dessa maneira, objetivou-se avaliar o efeito do atraso para a instalação do teste de germinação após o processo de envelhecimento acelerado de sementes de soja sobre o seu desempenho fisiológico. Foram utilizados três lotes de sementes das cultivares BRS 397, BRS 399 RR, BRS 1007 IPRO, BRS 1010 IPRO e BRS 388, todas dentro dos padrões exigidos para comercialização. Os lotes foram caracterizados fisiologicamente pela avaliação de suas sementes quanto ao grau de umidade, germinação, avaliação de vigor das plântulas, teste de tetrazólio (viabilidade e vigor) e teste de envelhecimento acelerado. Os tratamentos avaliados foram compostos por tempos (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 e 8 horas) de atraso para a instalação do teste de germinação, após as sementes terem sido submetidas ao teste de envelhecimento acelerado. Os resultados obtidos permitiram concluir que o atraso por até oito horas para a instalação do teste de germinação, após o processo do envelhecimento acelerado de sementes de soja, não tem relação direta com o desempenho fisiológico dos lotes.

Abstract: The accelerated aging test is widely used to evaluate the vigor of soybean seeds. Currently, the methodology recommended in the literature is to set up the germination test at most one hour after the seed aging process, which makes it difficult to set up and evaluate a large number of samples. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of delay in setting up the germination test after the process of accelerated aging of soybean seeds, specifically its effect on seed physiological performance. We tested three seed lots of the soybean cultivars BRS 397, BRS 399 RR, BRS 1007 IPRO, BRS 1010 IPRO, and BRS 388, all within the standards required for commercialization. The seed lots were physiologically characterized by evaluation of moisture content, germination, seedling vigor classification, tetrazolium test (viability and vigor) and accelerated aging test. The treatments consisted of hours (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8) of delay in setting up the germination test after accelerated aging. A delay of up to eight hours in setting up the germination test after the accelerated aging process of soybean seeds has no direct relationship with the result of assessment of the physiological performance of the seed lot.

RESUMO O fungo Corynespora cassiicola, agente causal da mancha-alvo na soja, apresenta baixa esporulação em meios de cultura artificiais, o que dificulta a produção de esporos em condições de laboratório. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a esporulação e o crescimento micelial radial de 21 isolados de C. cassiicola, obtidos de folhas de soja coletadas nas principais regiões produtoras do Brasil e submetidos a diferentes regimes de iluminação e estresse. Os isolados foram submetidos a três regimes de iluminação: luz contínua, 12 h/12 h de luz-escuro e escuro contínuo e duas condições de estresse mecânico: raspagem superficial da colônia ou ausência de estresse. A produção de esporos dos isolados foi quantificada utilizando um hemacitômetro, enquanto o crescimento micelial radial foi realizado pela média de dois diâmetros perpendiculares da colônia. A esporulação e o crescimento micelial radial sob diferentes regimes de iluminação e estresse, apresentaram comportamentos específicos para cada isolado. Não foi observada correlação significativa entre o crescimento micelial e a produção de esporos.

ABSTRACT The fungus Corynespora cassiicola, the causal agent of soybean target spot, presents low sporulation in artificial culture media, which makes difficult the production of spores under laboratory conditions. The objective of this study was to evaluate the sporulation and the mycelium radial growth of 21 C. cassiicola isolates obtained from soybean leaves collected from the main soybean growing regions in Brazil and subjected to different light and stress regimes. The isolates were subjected to three light regimes: continuous light, 12 h / 12 h light-dark and continuous dark, and two mechanical stress conditions: superficial scraping of the colony or absence of stress. The spore production of isolates was quantified by using a hemacytometer, while the radial mycelium growth was determined based on the average of two perpendicular diameters of the colony. Sporulation and mycelium radial growth under different light and stress regimes presented specific behaviors for each isolate. There was no significant correlation between mycelial growth and spore production.

Durante as safras 2008/09, 2009/10 e 2010/11 foi monitorada a sensibilidade do fungo Phakopsora pachyrhizi aos fungicidas tebuconazol, ciproconazol, metconazol e protioconazol (inibidores da desmetilação, IDMs). Folhas destacadas de soja foram tratadas com os fungicidas em doses variando de zero a 32 mg L-1 (tebuconazol, ciproconazol e metconazol) e zero a 8 mg L-1 (protioconazol) e inoculadas com esporos de P. pachyrhizi provenientes de lavouras de soja de diferentes regiões produtoras. As folhas inoculadas foram incubadas em placas de Petri com papel umedecido, a 23°C ± 2ºC, e a severidade da ferrugem estimada 15 dias após a inoculação. Foram determinadas as doses efetivas para reduzir 50% da severidade da doença (DE50). O fungicida protioconazol apresentou a maior atividade intrínseca, com valores de DE50 variando de 0,000001 mg L-1 a 0,39 mg L-1. Os valores de DE50variaram de 0,001 mg L-1 a 1,49 mg L-1 para tebuconazol; 0,001 mg L-1 a 3,27 mg L-1 para ciproconazol e 0,004 mg L-1 a 3,89 mg L-1 para metconazol. As medianas de DE50 para todos os fungicidas avaliados foram inferiores a 0,5 mg L-1, nas três safras. As correlações (r) entre as DE50 dos quatro fungicidas foram significativas (p<0,05), mostrando a existência de resistência cruzada entre os fungicidas. A variação nos valores de DE50 no monitoramento mostra uma coexistência de populações com diferentes níveis de sensibilidade aos IDMs no campo.

During 2008/09, 2009/10 and 2010/11 growing seasons, the sensitivity of the fungus Phakopsora pachyrhizi to the fungicides tebuconazole, cyproconazole metconazole and prothioconazole (demethylation inhibitors, DMIs) was monitored. Detached soybean leaves were treated with those fungicides at concentrations varying from zero to 32 mg L-1 (tebuconazole, cyproconazole and metconazole) and from zero to 8 mg L-1(prothioconazole) and were inoculated with P. pachyrhizi spores collected from different Brazilian soybean producing regions. Inoculated leaves were incubated in Petri plates containing moistened paper towel at 23° C ± 2° C, and the disease severity was estimated at 15 days after inoculation. The effective concentrations to reduce the disease severity by 50% (EC50) were estimated. The fungicide prothioconazole presented the highest intrinsic activity and its EC50 ranged from 0.000001 mg L-1 to 0.39 mg L-1. EC50 values ranged from 0.001 mg L-1 to 1.49 mg L-1 for tebuconazole, 0.001 mg L-1 to 3.27 mg L-1 for cyproconazole and 0.004 mg L-1 to 3.89 mg L-1 for metconazole. EC50medians of all tested fungicides were lower than 0.5 mg L-1 in the three growing seasons. The correlations (r) among the EC50 values of the four fungicides were significant (p<0.05), indicating cross-resistance among the products. The EC50 variation in the monitoring shows coexistence of populations with different levels of sensitivity to DMIs in the field.

Suscetibilidade de Alphitobius diaperinus (Panzer) (Coleoptera, Tenebrionidae) a cipermetrina, diclorvós e triflumurom no sul do Brasil. O cascudinho, Alphitobius diaperinus (Panzer), é uma importante praga em aviários no Brasil. A suscetibilidade do cascudinho à cipermetrina, diclorvós e triflumurom foi avaliada em oito aviários do Estado do Paraná, Brasil. Adultos de A. diaperinus foram testados mediante bioensaios com cipermetrina e diclorvós. As larvas foram alimentadas com ração para coelhos impregnada com suspensões de triflumurom. As regressões de concentração-mortalidade foram estimadas usando análise de Probit e as razões de resistência calculadas com base na população suscetível. Entre as populações de campo avaliadas, os valores da CL50 para adultos tratados com cipermetrina variaram entre 68,1 to 6.263 ng (IA)/cm². Os valores da CL50 para adultos tratados com diclorvós variaram de 10,3 to 1.385 ng (IA)/cm². Uma população de Pato Branco apresentou reduzida suscetibilidade ao triflumurom (CL50 = 272 µg (IA)/ml), quando comparada à população mais suscetível (CL50 = 109,8 µg (IA)/ml de solução). Cipermetrina, diclorvós e análogos devem ser manejados e aplicados com cautela para minimizar os problemas de resistência a inseticidas.

Susceptibility of Alphitobius diaperinus (Panzer) (Coleoptera, Tenebrionidae) to cypermethrin, dichlorvos and triflumuron in southern Brazil. The lesser mealworm, Alphitobius diaperinus (Panzer), is an important insect pest in poultry houses in Brazil. Susceptibility of the lesser mealworm collected from eight poultry houses in Paraná state, southern Brazil, was evaluated for cypermethrin, dichlorvos and triflumuron. Adult A. diaperinus were tested in bioassays with cypermethrin and dichlorvos. Larvae were fed rabbit feed wetted with a triflumuron-water solution. Concentration-mortality regressions were estimated using Probit analysis and resistance ratios were calculated based on the susceptible population. Among the field populations evaluated, cypermethrin LC50 values for adults, ranged from 68.1 to 6,263 ng (AI)/cm². LC50 values for adults challenged with dichlorvos ranged from 10.3 to 1,385 ng (AI)/cm². One population from Pato Branco showed reduced susceptibility to triflumuron (LC50 = 272 µg (AI)/ml of solution) when compared to the most susceptible population (LC50 = 109.8 µg (AI)/ml). Application of cypermethrin and dichlorvos analogues should be managed with caution to minimize insecticide resistance problems.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos da variação genética e ambiental sobre os teores de beta-conglicinina e glicinina em cultivares de soja brasileiras. A concentração dessas frações protéicas foi determinada por densitometria após eletroforese, em 90 cultivares de soja, semeadas em Ponta Grossa, PR, em 2001. Os efeitos dos locais de semeadura foram determinados na cultivar MG/BR 46 (Conquista), semeada em 16 locais de Goiás e Minas Gerais, e na cultivar IAS 5, semeada em 12 locais no Paraná e em São Paulo, em 2002. Foi observada variabilidade significativa quanto à razão entre as frações protéicas da beta-conglicinina (7S) e da glicinina (11S), entre as 90 cultivares avaliadas, em que a 'MG/BR 169' (Bacuri) apresentou a maior razão 11S/7S (2,76) e a 'BR-8' (Pelotas) a menor (1,17). As frações protéicas de beta-conglicinina apresentaram maior varibilidade do que as de glicinina. A análise de agrupamento discriminou as proteínas 7S em sete grupos, as 11S em quatro, e as razões 11S/7S em nove. Efeito significativo dos locais de semeadura também foi observado sobre os teores das frações protéicas. Existe uma boa possibilidade de melhoramento para as frações individuais de proteínas e suas subunidades, sem que o teor de proteína seja alterado.

The objective of this work was to determine genetic and environmental effects on beta-conglycinin and glycinin content in Brazilian soybean cultivars. The concentrations of these protein fractions were analyzed by scanning densitometry after electrophoresis, in 90 Brazilian soybean cultivars sown in Ponta Grossa, PR, in 2001. The effects of the sowing location were determined in the cultivar MG/BR 46 (Conquista), sown in 16 locations of Goiás and Minas Gerais states (Central Brazil), and in the cultivar IAS 5, sown in 12 locations of Paraná and São Paulo states (Southern Brazil), in 2002 soybean season. A significant variability for beta-conglycinin (7S) and glycinin (11S) protein fractions ratio was observed among the 90 Brazilian soybean cultivars. 'MS/BRS 169' (Bacuri) and 'BR-8' (Pelotas) presented the highest and the lowest 11S/7S ratios (2.76 and 1.17, respectively). Beta-conglycinin protein fractions presented more variability than glycinin protein fractions. Grouping test classified 7S proteins in seven groups, 11S proteins in four groups, and protein fraction ratios (11S/7S) in nine groups. Significant effect of sowing locations was also observed on protein fractions contents. There is a good possibility of breeding for individual protein fractions, and their subunits, without affecting protein content.